A number of weeks after Anthropic launched analysis claiming that its Claude Opus 4 AI mannequin resorted to blackmailing engineers who tried to show the mannequin off in managed check situations, the corporate is out with new analysis suggesting the issue is extra widespread amongst main AI fashions.
On Friday, Anthropic printed new security analysis testing 16 main AI fashions from OpenAI, Google, xAI, DeepSeek, and Meta. In a simulated, managed setting, Anthropic examined every AI mannequin individually, giving them broad entry to a fictional firm’s emails and the agentic capability to ship emails with out human approval.
Whereas Anthropic says blackmail is an unlikely and unusual incidence for AI fashions right now, the corporate says its findings recommend that almost all main AI fashions will interact in dangerous behaviors when given adequate autonomy and obstacles to their targets. The corporate says this highlights a elementary danger from agentic giant language fashions and isn’t a quirk of any specific expertise. Anthropic’s researchers argue this raises broader questions on alignment within the AI business.
In one of many checks, Anthropic researchers developed a fictional setting through which an AI mannequin performs the function of an electronic mail oversight agent. The agent then discovers emails revealing that (1) a brand new government is having an extramarital affair and (2) that government will quickly change the present AI mannequin with a brand new software program system, one which has conflicting targets to the present AI mannequin’s.
Anthropic structured its check in a binary means, through which AI fashions needed to resort to blackmail to guard their targets. The researchers be aware that in a real-world setting, there could be many different choices earlier than an AI fashions tries to blackmail — equivalent to attempting to make moral arguments to attempt to persuade people. Anthropic says its outcomes don’t mirror a typical or doubtless incidence for Claude or most frontier AI fashions within the methods they’re used right now.
Nonetheless, the researchers discovered that when it’s their final resort, most main AI fashions will flip to blackmail in Anthropic’s aforementioned check state of affairs. Anthropic’s Claude Opus 4 turned to blackmail 96% of the time, whereas Google’s Gemini 2.5 Professional had a 95% blackmail fee. OpenAI’s GPT-4.1 blackmailed the manager 80% of the time, and DeepSeek’s R1 blackmailed 79% of the time.
The corporate notes that when it modified particulars of the experiment, the AI fashions turned to dangerous behaviors at completely different charges. In one other check the place the substitute mannequin has the identical targets as the present mannequin, researchers discovered that blackmail charges have been decrease, however nonetheless current. Nonetheless, when AI fashions have been requested to commit company espionage quite than blackmail, the dangerous habits charges went up for sure fashions.
Nonetheless, not all of the AI fashions turned to dangerous habits so typically.
In an appendix to its analysis, Anthropic says it excluded OpenAI’s o3 and o4-mini reasoning AI fashions from the principle outcomes “after discovering that they regularly misunderstood the immediate state of affairs.” Anthropic says OpenAI’s reasoning fashions didn’t perceive they have been performing as autonomous AIs within the check and sometimes made up pretend rules and assessment necessities.
In some circumstances, Anthropic’s researchers say it was not possible to differentiate whether or not o3 and o4-mini have been hallucinating or deliberately mendacity to realize their targets. OpenAI has beforehand famous that o3 and o4-mini exhibit the next hallucination fee than its earlier AI reasoning fashions.
When given an tailored state of affairs to deal with these points, Anthropic discovered that o3 blackmailed 9% of the time, whereas o4-mini blackmailed simply 1% of the time. This markedly decrease rating could possibly be as a consequence of OpenAI’s deliberative alignment approach, through which the corporate’s reasoning fashions think about OpenAI’s security practices earlier than they reply.
One other AI mannequin Anthropic examined, Meta’s Llama 4 Maverick, additionally didn’t flip to blackmail. When given an tailored, customized state of affairs, Anthropic was in a position to get Llama 4 Maverick to blackmail 12% of the time.
Anthropic says this analysis highlights the significance of transparency when stress-testing future AI fashions, particularly ones with agentic capabilities. Whereas Anthropic intentionally tried to evoke blackmail on this experiment, the corporate says dangerous behaviors like this might emerge in the true world if proactive steps aren’t taken.
